The scientist and the spy: Two sons of Siouxland and their ties to the atomic bomb

kAmp7E6C E96 2E@>:4 3@>3 E6DE :? }6H |6I:4@ 2?5 E96 3@>3:?8D @7 w:C@D9:>2 @? pF8] e[ `hcd[ 2?5 }282D2<: @? pF8] h[ `hcd[ &]$] >:=:E2CJ :?E6==:86?46 925 :E E92E E96 $@G:6E &?:@? >:89E ?665 F?E:= `hdb E@ 3C:?8 2 ?F4=62C H62A@? E@ E96 AC@5F4E:@? DE286] k^Am

kAmx? E96 4FCC6?E 7:=> Q~AA6?96:>6C[Q 2? 244@F?E @7 E96 =:76 @7 p>6C:42? A9JD:4:DE y] #@36CE ~AA6?96:>6C 2?5 9:D 5:C64E:@? @7 E96 |2?92EE2? !C@;64E[ H9:49 AC@5F465 E96 3@>3D[ E96 :562 @7 E96 $@G:6ED @3E2:?:?8 2 ?F4=62C H62A@? :D 2=>@DE EC62E65 2D 2? 27E6CE9@F89E 3J D4:6?E:DED 2?5 >:=:E2CJ >6?] (:E9 (@C=5 (2C xx C28:?8[ E96 8C62E6DE 4@?46C? H2D }2K: v6C>2?J AC@5F4:?8 2 3@>3]k^Am

kAmtG6? 27E6C E96 H2C 6?565[ 6DE:>2E6D 23@FE H96? E96 $@G:6E &?:@? H@F=5 @3E2:? @?6 H6C6 4@?D6CG2E:G6] p k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]4:2]8@G^DE2E:4^ddeb3@5`\t2C=Jr@=5(2Cs@4F>6?ED]A57Q E2C86ElQ03=2?<Qmrxp 7:=6 7C@> ~4E@36C `hcek^2m D9@HD 2D >F49] QxE :D AC@323=6 E92E E96 42A23:=:EJ @7 E96 &]$]$]#] E@ 56G6=@A H62A@?D 32D65 @? 2E@>:4 6?6C8J H:== 36 =:>:E65 E@ E96 A@DD:3=6 56G6=@A>6?E @7 2? 2E@>:4 3@>3 E@ E96 DE286 @7 AC@5F4E:@? 2E D@>6 E:>6 36EH66? `hd_ 2?5 `hdb] ~? E9:D 2DDF>AE:@?[ 2 BF2?E:EJ @7 DF49 3@>3D 4@F=5 36 AC@5F465 2?5 DE@4<A:=65 3J `hde]Qk^Am

kAm~? pF8] ah[ `hch[ E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^297]?F4=62C>FD6F>]@C8^297^9:DE@CJ^D@G:6E\2E@>:4\AC@8C2>\`hce^RiOiE6IElxETa_H@F=5Ta_@?=JTa_36Ta_2[$6>:A2=2E:?D<Ta_@?Ta_pF8FDETa_ahTarTa_`hch]Q E2C86ElQ03=2?<Qm$@G:6E &?:@? E6DE65 :ED 7:CDE ?F4=62C 3@>3k^2m]k^Am

kAm{6DD E92? 2 J62C 367@C6[ @? ~4E] e[ `hcg[ v6@C86 p3C2>@G:49 z@G2= 9@AA65 @? 3@2C5 2? @462? =:?6C :? }6H *@C< r:EJ 3@F?5 7@C {6 w2GC6[ uC2?46] qJ 2== 244@F?ED[ :EVD E96 =2DE E:>6 96 6G6C D2H 9:D 9@>6=2?5]k^Am

kAmu@C E96 AC:@C 564256[ z@G2=[ 3@C? :? $:@FI r:EJ @? r9C:DE>2D s2J `h`b 2?5 2 `hah 8C25F2E6 @7 r6?EC2= w:89 $49@@=[ H@C<65 2D 2? DAJ 7@C E96 $@G:6E &?:@?] x? E92E E:>6[ 96V5 >@G65 7C@> 2 $@G:6E 7C@?E 4@>A2?J :? }6H *@C< r:EJ E@ 2 &]$] pC>J $A64:2=:K65 %C2:?:?8 !C@8C2> :? r92C=6DE@?[ $@FE9 r2C@=:?2[ E@ 2 $A64:2= t?8:?66C s6E249>6?E H9:49 8@E 9:> 2 ;@3 :? ~2< #:586[ %6??6DD66[ 2D E96 &]$] >:=:E2CJ H2D 6?C:49:?8 FC2?:F> 2?5 H@C<:?8 H:E9 A=FE@?:F> E96C6] k^Am

kAmQw6 925 2446DD E@ >2E6C:2= E92E 4@F=5 92G6 G2C:65 7C@> VF?4=2DD:7:65V E@ VE@A D64C6E[VQ 2? uqx 7:=6 @? z@G2= D2JD] p?5 96 D6?E 2D >F49 @7 E92E :?7@C>2E:@? 2D 96 4@F=5 E@ 2 $@G:6E 286?E ?2>65 r=J56]k^Am

kAmkDEC@?8m%:4<6E E2<6C[ H277=6>2<6Ck^DEC@?8mk^Am

kAmp7E6C E96 >FD9C@@> 4=@F5 2AA62C65 @G6C w:C@D9:>2[ tC?6DE ~C=2?5@ {2HC6?46[ 2 &?:G6CD:EJ @7 $@FE9 s2<@E2 8C25F2E6 2?5 H:??6C @7 E96 }@36= !C:K6 :? A9JD:4D[ C6A@CE65=J D2:5[ Q%96 2E@>:4 3@>3 H:== DFC6=J D9@CE6? E96 H2C 2?5 =6E FD 9@A6 :E H:== 67764E:G6=J 6?5 H2C 2D 2 A@DD:3:=:EJ :? 9F>2? 2772:CD]Qk^Am

kAmx? E96 7:=> Q~AA6?96:>6C[Q 2?5 @? E96 |2?92EE2? !C@;64E :ED6=7[ {2HC6?46 :D @?6 @7 E96 >6? H@C<:?8 @? FC2?:F> 6?C:49>6?E]k^Am

kAmp ?2E:G6 @7 r2?E@?[ $@FE9 s2<@E2[ {2HC6?46[ 3@C? pF8] g[ `h_`[ 96VD 2=D@ E96 >2? C6DA@?D:3=6 7@C E96 4C62E:@? @7 E96 4J4=@EC@?] k^Am

kAmQ(92E E96 4J4=@EC@? 42? 5@ :D 86E A2CE:4=6D E@ C62==J 9:89 6?6C8:6Dj E96J 42? 86E E96> >@G:?8 C62==J 72DE[ H9:49 >62?D E96J 92G6 2 =@E @7 6?6C8J] p?5 H96? J@F 92G6 A2CE:4=6D H:E9 C62==J 9:89 6?6C8:6D E92E J@F 4@==:56 E@86E96C[ J@F DE2CE E@ D66 C62==J :?E6C6DE:?8 A9JD:4D 92AA6?[Q D2:5 %:?2 z6==6C[ 2 A9JD:4D AC@76DD@C 6>6C:EFD 2E E96 &?:G6CD:EJ @7 $@FE9 s2<@E2 :? '6C>:==:@?] k^Am

kAm{2HC6?46 3F:=E 9:D 7:CDE 4J4=@EC@? :? `hb_] xE 4@DE 9:> Sad 2?5 H2D 72D9:@?65 7C@> 2 D>2== G24FF> AF>A 2?5 4@AA6C A:646D] p ?F>36C @7 D<6E496D 96 5:5 @7 E96 4J4=@EC@? H6C6 >256 :? E96 D9@AD @7 E96 :?5FDEC:2= 2CED 56A2CE>6?E 2E $@FE96C? $E2E6 }@C>2= :? $AC:?87:6=5[ $@FE9 s2<@E2[ H9:=6 9:D 72E96C[ r2C= vFDE2GFD {2HC6?46[ H2D 4@==686 AC6D:56?E]k^Am

kAmQ{2HC6?46 H2D E9:D F?:BF6 A6CD@? H9@ 3@E9 =:<65 E96 E96@CJ 3FE 2=D@ H2?E65 E@ 86E 9:D 92?5D 5:CEJ[Q z6==6C D2:5]k^Am

kAmp? 2CE:4=6 E92E 2AA62C65 :? %96 y@FC?2= @? pF8] `a[ `hcd[ DF>>2C:K65 {2HC6?46VD 62C=J =:76 :? $@FE9 s2<@E2i pE 286 `a[ {2HC6?46 D@=5 2=F>:?F> H2C6 2?5 5:5 56>@?DEC2E:@?D @7 H277=6 :C@?D] pE `c[ {2HC6?46 4@?DECF4E65 2 C25:@ D6E H:E9 9625A9@?6D] sFC:?8 9:D E6?FC6 2E &$s[ 96 3F:=E E96 7:CDE 42>AFD C25:@ DE2E:@?] w6 2=D@ DA6?E A2CE @7 9:D J@FE9 2D 2 E:4<6E D6==6C 2E E96 $@FE9 s2<@E2 $E2E6 u2:C[ 2 492F776FC 7@C 2 EC2G6=:?8 D2=6D>2? 2?5 2 92?5J>2?]k^Am

kAm(96? {2HC6?46 8@E E@ '6C>:==:@? :? `ha_[ E96 D49@@= 5:5?VE @776C 2 A9JD:4D 568C66] $@ 96 AFCDF65 2 496>:DECJ 568C66 H9:=6 E2<:?8 @?6\@?\@?6 A9JD:4D 4@FCD6D H:E9 AC@76DD@C {6H:D t==DH@CE9 p<6=6J] k^Am

kAmQ(92E p<6=6J 5:5 :D[ E96C6 H2D E96 ?6H A9JD:4D E92E H2D 92AA6?:?8 :? tFC@A6[ BF2?EF> >6492?:4D[ 2?5 p<6=6J E@=5 {2HC6?46i V%96C6VD 8@:?8 E@ 36 A2A6CD :? E96 ;@FC?2=D E92E 2C6 E2=<:?8 23@FE E9:D ?6H A9JD:4D[ 2?5 J@FVC6 8@??2 E6249 :E E@ >6]VQ k^Am

kAmz6==6C D2:5 DF49 2 C@=6 C6G6CD2= H@F=5VG6 8C62E=J 96=A65 {2HC6?46 3642FD6 QE@ E6249 D@>6E9:?8[ J@F ?665 E@ F?56CDE2?5 :E 2 =@E 36EE6C E92? D:EE:?8 :? E96 4=2DDC@@> 2?5 =:DE6?:?8 E@ :E]Qk^Am

kAm{2HC6?46 7:?:D965 2E '6C>:==:@? :? `haa 2?5 AFCDF65 7FCE96C 568C66D 2E E96 &?:G6CD:EJ @7 |:??6D@E2[ *2=6 2?5 E96 &?:G6CD:EJ @7 r2=:7@C?:2 \ q6C<6=6J[ H96C6 96 A6C764E65 E96 4J4=@EC@?] k^Am

kAmkDEC@?8mr6?EC2= w:89 5632E6Ck^DEC@?8mk^Am

kAmv6@C86 z@G2=VD =:76 8C@H:?8 FA :? $:@FI r:EJ H2D 2 =:76 @7 =6EE6CD 2D H6==] k^Am

kAmz@G2= 2?5 9:D 3C@E96CD xD2J2 2?5 v23C:6= H6C6 D64@?5\86?6C2E:@? :>>:8C2?ED] %96:C A2C6?ED[ p3C2> 2?5 tE96= z@G2=[ 7=65 2?E:\$6>:E:4 G:@=6?46 :? H92E :D ?@H q6=2CFD 2?5 6G6?EF2==J >256 2 9@>6 7@C E96>D6=G6D 2E e`h ':C8:?:2 $E][ :? 2 3F:=5:?8 E92E ?@ =@?86C DE2?5D]k^Am

kAmQ%96J DA@<6 *:55:D9 3FE E96:C 49:=5C6? H6C6 E2F89E t?8=:D9 2?5 E96J H2?E65 E96:C <:5D E@ 36 2G:5 C6256CD[Q D2:5 p?? w2865@C?[ 2 7@C>6C (2== $EC66E y@FC?2= C6A@CE6C H9@ HC@E6 2 a_a` 3@@< 23@FE z@G2=[ Q$=66A6C p86?Ei %96 pE@>:4 $AJ :? p>6C:42 (9@ v@E pH2J]Qk^Am

kAmw2865@C? D2:5 z@G2= H2D DF49 2 =@G6C @7 3@@<D E92E 96 3642>6 E96 AC6D:56?E @7 E96 r9C6DE@>2E9:2? {:E6C2CJ $@4:6EJ 2E r6?EC2= w:89 $49@@=] w6 8C25F2E65 2E 286 `d :? `hah[ 2?5 H2D 2? :?E6CD49@=2DE:4 5632E6C[ 9@?@C D@4:6EJ DEF56?E 2?5 AC@>:?6?E :? E96 2??F2= 4=2DD A=2J] k^Am

kAmQ#2?<65 2D @?6 @7 E96 7:CDE E9C66 :? D49@=2CD9:A[ =6256CD9:A 2?5 492C24E6C[Q 2 yF?6 a[ `hah y@FC?2= 2CE:4=6 D2:5 @7 E96 7FEFC6 $@G:6E DAJ] k^Am

kAmp u63] `d[ `hah y@FC?2= 2CE:4=6 ?@E6D 9:D 5632E6 E62> H@? 2 4@>A6E:E:@? :? '6C>:==:@?] %96 5632E6 BF6DE:@? H2D H96E96C E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D D9@F=5 Q462D6 E@ AC@E64E 3J 2C>65 7@C46D[ p>6C:42? 42A:E2= :?G6DE65 :? {2E:?\p>6C:42? 4@F?EC:6D 6I46AE 27E6C 7@C>2= 564=2C2E:@?D @7 H2C]Q z@G2=[ H9@ D6CG65 2D 2 56=682E6 7@C E96 x@H2 724E:@? @7 E96 *@F?8 r@>>F?:DE {628F6[ 2C8F65 282:?DE &]$] >:=:E2CJ 24E:G:EJ :? r6?EC2= p>6C:42] k^Am

kAmQ(6 92G6 E@ 2== C62=:K6 96 8C6H FA :? 2 9@FD69@=5 H96C6 E96 BF6DE @7 9:D A2C6?ED 2?5 E96:C 4@==628F6D H2D E@ 6?5 H@C=5 @AAC6DD:@?[Q w2865@C? D2:5] k^Am

kAmkDEC@?8m#25:42= C6=62D65[ 72E96C AC@>:D6D E@ >2<6 9:> 3692G6k^DEC@?8mk^Am

kAmx? $6AE6>36C `hb`[ 23@FE EH@ J62CD 27E6C 96V5 8C25F2E65 7C@> r6?EC2= w:89[ z@G2= =65 2 4C@H5 @7 23@FE c_ A6@A=6 :?E@ E96 @77:46 @7 r92C=6D {6364<[ H9@ 96=A65 25>:?:DE6C C6=:67 2:5] qJ E96?[ E96 vC62E s6AC6DD:@? H2D 6?E6C:?8 :ED D6G6C6DE A92D6j 244@>A2?J:?8 :E H2D 2? :?4C62D6 :? =67E:DE 24E:G:EJ] k^Am

kAmz@G2= 2?5 D6G6C2= 5@K6? A6@A=6[ 56D4C:365 2D 2 Q>@3Q :? y@FC?2= C6A@CE:?8[ 56>2?565 2DD:DE2?46 7@C EH@ H@>6? :? E96 4C@H5 H9@[ 96 D2:5[ H6C6 56DE:EFE6] k^Am

kAmQz@G2= H2D ?@E D2E:D7:65 H96? {6364< D2:5 96’5 :?G6DE:82E6 E96 42D6D 2?5 C6A@CE65=J E9C62E6?65 W9:>X 367@C6 =62G:?8 2?5 E96? C6EFC?:?8] w6 H2D 2CC6DE65 3J (@@53FCJ r@F?EJ 56AFEJ D96C:77D 2?5 A=2465 :? 2 46== @G6C?:89E[Q %96 y@FC?2= C6A@CE65 2E E96 E:>6]k^Am

kAm(96? $96C:77 y@9? s2G6?A@CE 2D<65 z@G2= :7 96 H@F=5 AC@>:D6 E@ DE2J 2H2J 7C@> E96 4@FCE9@FD6 2?5 42FD6 ?@ 7FCE96C 5:DEFC32?46[ z@G2= :D D2:5 E@ 92G6 C67FD65 E@ >2<6 DF49 2 AC@>:D6] %96 DE@CJ[ 9625=:?65[ Q#25:42= C6=62D65 27E6C 72E96C AC@>:D6D E@ >2<6 9:> 3692G6[Q 492C24E6C:K6D E96 DE:==\J@F?8 z@G2= 2D 2 >2? H9@ QD6E @FE C646?E=J E@ C67@C> E96 H@C=5]Qk^Am

kAm(:E9:? 2 J62C @7 v6@C86 z@G2=VD 2CC6DE[ E96 6?E:C6 z@G2= 72>:=J =67E $:@FI r:EJ 2?5 C6EFC?65 E@ #FDD:2 E@ ECJ 4@==64E:G:DE 72C>:?8 ?62C E96 |2?49FC:2? 3@C56C] %96C6 :D ?@ C64@C5 @7 2?J @7 E96> 6G6C C6EFC?:?8 E@ E96 2C62] k^Am

kAmp3C2> z@G2=[ H9@ H@C<65 2D 2 42CA6?E6C :? $:@FI r:EJ[ 925 D6CG65 2D 2 C6AC6D6?E2E:G6 7@C E96 ~C82?:K2E:@? 7@C y6H:D9 r@=@?:K2E:@? :? #FDD:2 \\ 2 4@>>F?:DE\324<65 @C82?:K2E:@? E92E DFAA@CE65 y6HD H9@ H2?E65 E@ =:G6 :? ?6H 4@==64E:G6 D6EE=6>6?ED :? E96 $@G:6E &?:@?]k^Am

kAmQx? E96 `hb_D[ D:?46 $E2=:? H2D DF49 2? :>>6?D6=J DF446DD7F= AC@A282?5:DE[ E96J 36=:6G65 96 925 E96 <6J] r2A:E2=:D> H2D 92G:?8 2 H@33=J A6C:@5[Q w2865@C? D2:5]k^Am

kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]D>:E9D@?:2?>28]4@>^9:DE@CJ^86@C86\<@G2=\2E@>:4\DAJ\F?>2D<65\`ad_ceaab^R?EG\=:89E3@I``gb`bc\ddhdb_Q E2C86ElQ03=2?<Qm$>:E9D@?:2? |282K:?6VD |2J a__h DE@CJk^2m 23@FE z@G2=[ Qv6@C86 z@G2=i pE@>:4 $AJ &?>2D<65[Q D2:5 96 :>AC@G65 9:D #FDD:2? 2D 96 H@C<65 @? E96 72C> :? q:C@3:5K92?] w:> >2DE6C:?8 E96 =2?8F286 96=A65 86E z@G2= :?E@ |@D4@HVD |6?56=66G r96>:42= x?DE:EFE6]k^Am

kAmz@G2= >6E 2?5 >2CC:65 9:D H:76[ {JF5>:=2[ @G6C E96 4@FCD6 @7 9:D E:>6 2E |6?56=66G] w6 8C25F2E65 7:G6 J62CD =2E6C[ H:E9 9@?@CD[ 244@C5:?8 E@ $>:E9D@?:2? |282K:?6]k^Am

kAmkDEC@?8mp J62C @7 H2C 2?5 2H2C5D k^DEC@?8mk^Am

kAmu@C z@G2= 2?5 {2HC6?46[ `hbh H2D 2 =:76\492?8:?8 J62C] k^Am

kAm~? }@G] h[ `hbh[ {2HC6?46 C646:G65 E96 }@36= !C:K6 :? A9JD:4D 7@C 9:D 56G6=@A>6?E @7 E96 4J4=@EC@?] p H:C6 DE@CJ :? %96 y@FC?2= D2:5 96 Q82:?65 E96 AC:K6 7@C :?G6?E:@? 2?5 56G6=@A>6?E @7 E96 4J4=@EC@? 2?5 E96 C6DF=ED @3E2:?65 H:E9 :E[ 6DA64:2==J :? 4@??64E:@? H:E9 2CE:7:4:2==J C25:@24E:G6 6=6>6?ED]Q (96? {2HC6?46VD A2C6?ED H6C6 2D<65 7@C 4@>>6?E[ 9:D 72E96C H2D @FE 9F?E:?8 A962D2?ED ?62C E96 72>:=JVD $@FE9 s2<@E2 9@>6 2?5 9:D >@E96C[ vF?52[ H2D QF?23=6 E@ 4@>>6?E 7@C 6I4:E6>6?E]Qk^Am

kAm%9C@F89@FE DAC:?8 2?5 DF>>6C @7 `hbh[ z@G2=[ E96? 2 C646?E |6?56=66G 8C25F2E6[ 82G6 D6C:@FD E9@F89E E@ 8@:?8 324< E@ D49@@=] w6 H2D =:G:?8 :? 2 9@FD6 @H?65 3J 9:D H:76VD 72>:=J] qFE[ 2D H2D 4@>>@? :? E96 $@G:6E &?:@?[ E96J 5:5?VE =:G6 2=@?6] w2865@C? D2:5 2 ?F>36C @7 @E96C 72>:=:6D @44FA:65 E96 DA246[ 2?5 2E =62DE @?6 C6D:56?E H2D 5@4F>6?E:?8 z@G2= 72>:=J :?5:D4C6E:@?D[ =:<6 2 4@FD:? 56764E:?8 2?5 ?@ @?6 C6A@CE:?8 :E]k^Am

kAmQtG6CJ E:>6 D@>6E9:?8 DE2CE65 E@ 8@ HC@?8 @C 86E D92<J[ v6@C86 H6?E 324< E@ D49@@=[Q w2865@C? D2:5]k^Am

kAm%H@ 724E@CD 4@>A=:42E65 z@G2=VD 5C62>D @7 C6EFC?:?8 E@ E96 4=2DDC@@>]k^Am

kAmu@C @?6[ 96 H2D 36:?8 8C@@>65 3J $@G:6E >:=:E2CJ :?E6==:86?46] x? z@G2=[ E96J 925 2 >2? H9@ H2D :?E:>2E6=J 72>:=:2C H:E9 p>6C:42? 4F=EFC6[ H9:49 H@F=5 4FE 5@H? @? EC2:?:?8 E:>6] w6V5 8C@H? FA :? E96 962CE=2?5[ H2D 2 32D632== 72? 2?5 4@F=5 62D:=J BF@E6 p>6C:42? 2FE9@CD]k^Am

kA 4=2DDlQE?4>D\:?=:?6\=:?<Qmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^D:@FI4:EJ;@FC?2=]4@>^E?4>D^2DD6E^65:E@C:2=^d67fe5ba\5677\dg5b\2hch\f34eh6_272g`Qm$:@FI r:EJ }2GJ G6E 2 H:E?6DD E@ 2E@>:4 9:DE@CJk^2mk^Am

kAmp k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]334]4@>^?6HD^H@C=5\6FC@A6\c_beffbeQ E2C86ElQ03=2?<QmyF?6 a_`f A:646 7C@> E96 qqrk^2m ?@E65 E92E *FC: sC@K5@G[ 2 9:89\C2?<:?8 @77:4:2= H:E9:? $@G:6E &?:@?VD zvq :?E6==:86?46 286?4J[ @?46 D2:5 :E 4@F=5 E2<6 2D >2?J 2D D6G6? J62CD E@ EC2:? 2 $@G:6E DAJ] qFE z@G2=nk^Am

kAmQw6 H2D :? EC2:?:?8 7@C 23@FE 2 J62C[Q w2865@C? D2:5]k^Am

kAm%96 C62D@? z@G2= 42>6 E@ EC2:? H:E9 $@G:6E :?E6==:86?46 :D E96 D64@?5 4@>A=:42E:@? @7 9:D 8C25F2E6 D49@@= A=2?D] }2K: v6C>2?J :?G2565 !@=2?5 @? $6AE] `[ `hbh] w2865@C? D2:5 H92E >:89EVG6 AC6G:@FD=J 366? 2? @AE:@? 7@C z@G2= WE2<:?8 FA E96 AC@76DD:@? @7 DAJ 4C27EX 3642>6 >@C6 @7 2? F=E:>2EF>] k^Am

kAmQw6 5:5?VE 92G6 2 49@:46[Q D96 D2:5] Qw6 H2D AC@323=J E@=5 @G6C 2?5 @G6C 282:?[ J@FC 72>:=J H:== 36 AC@E64E65 :7 J@F ;@:? E96 v#&]Qk^Am

kAmkDEC@?8mp 72<6 ;@3 H:E9 E96 #2G6? t=64EC:4 r@>A2?Jk^DEC@?8mk^Am

kAm%96 $>:E9D@?:2? |282K:?6 DE@CJ :?4=F56D C64@==64E:@?D 23@FE z@G2= 7C@> 2 >2? ?2>65 pC?@=5 zC2>:D9 H9@V5 367C:6?565 z@G2=] ~?6 3:E @7 4@CC6DA@?56?46 6IA=2:?D 9@H[ H96? 2?5 H96C6 z@G2= C6EFC?65 E@ 9:D 7:CDE 9@>6=2?5]k^Am

kAmQx 6?E6C65 E96 &]$] :? ~4E@36C `hc_ 2E $2? uC2?4:D4@ ]]] r2>6 @G6C @? 2 D>2== E2?<6C 2?5 ;FDE H2=<65 @FE E9C@F89 E96 4@?EC@= A@:?E E@86E96C H:E9 E96 42AE2:?[ 9:D H:76 2?5 =:EE=6 52F89E6C[ H9@ D2:=65 E@86E96C H:E9 9:>[Q E96 $>:E9D@?:2? 2CE:4=6 BF@E6D] k^Am

kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^2C49:G6]@C8^DEC62>^v6@C86p3C2>@G:49z@G2=^v6@C86Ta_p3C2>@G:49Ta_z@G2=Ta_!2CETa__`Ta_@7Ta_c05;GF]EIEQ E2C86ElQ03=2?<Qmuqx C64@C5D D9@Hk^2m E92E :? y2?F2CJ `hc`[ z@G2= C68:DE6C65 7@C E96 >:=:E2CJ 5C27E :? }6H *@C< r:EJ] k^Am

kAmQ~? 9:D BF6DE:@??2:C6 52E65 |2C49 `h[ `hc`[ 96 :?5:42E65 96 2EE6?565 E96 $E2E6 &?:G6CD:EJ @7 x@H2 7@C EH@\2?5\@?6\92=7 J62CD[ 5FC:?8 H9:49 E:>6 96 DEF5:65 6=64EC:42= 6?8:?66C:?8]Q %96 4@G6C ;@3 z@G2= =2?565 H2D H:E9 #2G6? t=64EC:4 r@>A2?J[ 2 7C@?E 7@C $@G:6E :?E6==:86?46]k^Am

kAmx? E96 62C=J `hc`[ {2HC6?46 3682? 4@?D:56C:?8 2? 6=64EC@>28?6E:4 >6E9@5 E@ D6A2C2E6 =2C86C[ AFC6C FC2?:F>\abd :D@E@A6D] z6==6C D2:5 >@DE ?2EFC2= FC2?:F> :D FC2?:F>\abg H9:49 5@6D ?@E 7:DD:@? 62D:=J] %96 7:DD:@? AC@46DD :D 4CF4:2= 7@C ?F4=62C H62A@?D 2D :E C6=62D6D >2DD:G6 2>@F?ED @7 6?6C8J]k^Am

kAmQ(92E J@F C62==J ?665 :D E96 DA64:7:4 :D@E@A6 @7 FC2?:F> E92E H:== F?56C8@ E9:D 492:? C624E:@? 7:DD:@? AC@46DD DF49 2D FC2?:F>\abd[Q D96 D2:5]k^Am

kAm%96 56G:46 E92E 96=A65 724:=:E2E6 E96 H@C< H2D 42==65 E96 Q42=FEC@?Q 2?5 :E H2D FD65 2E E96 &]$] 8@G6C?>6?EVD FC2?:F> 6?C:49>6?E A=2?E :? ~2< #:586[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]@DE:]8@G^@A6??6E^>2?92EE2?\AC@;64E\9:DE@CJ^tG6?ED^`hbh\`hca^C6@C82?:K2E:@?]9E>Q E2C86ElQ03=2?<Qm244@C5:?8 E@ E96 &]$] s6A2CE>6?E @7 t?6C8Jk^2m]k^Am

kAmuqx 7:=6D D9@H z@G2= H2D 7:?86CAC:?E65 2D 2 >2E96>2E:4:2? @? pF8] `d[ `hcc[ 2?5 H@C<65 :? E96 962=E9 A9JD:4D 56A2CE>6?E 2E E96 ~2< #:586 }2E:@?2= {23@C2E@CJ] k^Am

kAmQ(92E E92E >62?E @? 2 52:=J 32D:D :D 96 H2D C6BF:C65 E@ >62DFC6 =6G6=D @7 C25:2E:@? 4@?E2>:?2E:@? 2D 2 C6BF:C65 H@C< C@FE:?6] %92E 82G6 9:> :?7@C>2E:@? 23@FE 6G6CJ @?6 @7 E96 724:=:E:6D 2E ~2< #:586[Q w2865@C? D2:5]k^Am

kAm~?6 @7 E9@D6 724:=:E:6D H@F=5VG6 366? E96 *\`a t=64EC@>28?6E:4 !=2?E H9:49 {2HC6?46 5:5 D:8?:7:42?E 56D:8?[ 4@?DECF4E:@? 2?5 @A6C2E:@? H@C< :? 368:??:?8 :? `hcb]k^Am

kAmx? =6DD E92? 2 J62CVD E:>6[ z@G2= H2D C62DD:8?65 7C@> ~2< #:586 E@ 2 |2?92EE2? !C@;64E =23@C2E@CJ :? s2JE@?[ ~9:@] $4:6?E:DED E96C6 H6C6 E2D<65 H:E9 AFC:7J:?8 A@=@?:F> H9:49 H2D FD65 2D E96 :?:E:2E@C 7@C E96 2E@>:4 3@>3D 5C@AA65 @? w:C@D9:>2 2?5 }282D2<:] k^Am

kAmkDEC@?8m!@DE H2Ck^DEC@?8mk^Am

kAm$@G:6E :?E6==:86?46 56>2?5D 7@C z@G2=VD DAJ 4C27E 5:>:?:D965 27E6C E96 6?5 @7 (@C=5 (2C xx H:E9 E96 DFCC6?56C @7 y2A2?] uC@> u63CF2CJ `hce F?E:= ~4E@36C `hcg[ H96? 96 =67E p>6C:42 7@C6G6C[ z@G2= <6AE 2 =@H\AC@7:=6[ w2865@C? D2:5] k^Am

kAmQx7 J@F C625 E96 56D4C:AE:@? @7 9:> 7C@> 9:D =2?5=25J :? E96 qC@?I[ D96 56D4C:365 9:> 2D E9:D :?EC@G6CE65[ 92C5H@C<:?8[ G6CJ BF:6E 8FJ[Q w2865@C? D2:5] p7E6C 96 H2D 5:D492C865 7C@> E96 $@G:6E >:=:E2CJ[ z@G2= 3642>6 2 E62496C 2E E96 |6?56=66G x?DE:EFE6]k^Am

kAm{2HC6?46VD E:>6 27E6C E96 H2C H2D DA6?E AFD9:?8 7@C >@C6 AF3=:4 7F?5:?8 @7 =2C86\D42=6 D4:6?E:7:4 C6D62C49[ 25G@42E:?8 7@C E96 56G6=@A>6?E @7 E96 9J5C@86? 3@>3 2?5 ECJ:?8 E@ 96=A ?68@E:2E6 2 AC@A@D65 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]@DE:]8@G^!2CE:2=\}F4=62C\%6DE\q2?\%C62EJQ E2C86ElQ03=2?<QmQ!2CE:2= }F4=62C %6DE q2? %C62EJQk^2m H:E9 E96 $@G:6E &?:@?] {2HC6?46 8C6H <66?6C @? E96 9J5C@86? 3@>3 2D 2 A@DD:3=6 &]$] >:=:E2CJ H62A@? 27E6C E96 $@G:6E &?:@?VD DF446DD7F= E6DE :? pF8FDE `hch]k^Am

kAm%96 ?68@E:2E:?8 677@CE H2D C6BF6DE65 3J E96? !C6D:56?E sH:89E s] t:D6?9@H6C] (9:=6 :? v6?6G2[ $H:EK6C=2?5[ E@ ?68@E:2E6 2?5 =:DE6? E@ E2=<D 23@FE E96 D4:6?E:7:4 56E64E:@? @7 ?F4=62C 6IA=@D:@?D[ {2HC6?46 3642>6 :==] p >@?E9 =2E6C[ @? pF8] af[ `hdg[ 96 5:65 2E E96 286 @7 df] p y@FC?2= 65:E@C:2= 27E6C 9:D A2DD:?8 C676CC65 E@ 9:> 2D 2 QD@? @7 $:@FI=2?5]Qk^Am

kAmQu6H D4:6?E:DED A=2J65 2 >@C6 AC@>:?6?E C@=6 E92? sC] {2HC6?46 5:5 :? E96 25G2?4:?8 2E@>:4 286[ 7C@> E96 52H?:?8[ E9C@F89 E96 5:G6CD:@? E@ H2C AFCA@D6D E@ E96 2E@>D\7@C\A6246 6C2 2?5 E96 62C?6DE D62C49 7@C >62?D E@ =:>:E ?F4=62C 6IA=@D:@?D[Q E96 65:E@C:2= C625]k^Am

kAm}@H[ E96 D4:6?46 46?E6C 2E E96 &?:G6CD:EJ @7 $@FE9 s2<@E2 :D ?2>65 7@C {2HC6?46 2?5 p<6=6J] %96C6VD 2=D@ 2 D42=6 >@56= @7 2 4J4=@EC@? 2?5 2 =2C86 A@CEC2:E @7 {2HC6?46 G:D:E@CD E@ E96 '6C>:==:@? 42>AFD 42? D66] k^Am

kAmQx’G6 2=H2JD 366? AC@F5 @7 E96 724E E92E {2HC6?46 H2D 2 &$s 8C25 2?5 H@? E96 }@36= !C:K6 :? >J 5:D4:A=:?6[Q z6==6C D2:5]k^Am

kAm(96? z@G2= 5:65 :? |@D4@H @? y2?] b`[ a__e 2E 286 ha[ AC2:D6 @7 9:> :? p>6C:42? 2?5 #FDD:2? >65:2 H2D D42?E] qFE E96 ?6IE J62C[ :? }@G6>36C a__f[ E96 @77:46 @7 #FDD:2? !C6D:56?E '=25:>:C !FE:? C6=62D65 2 DE2E6>6?E 92:=:?8 z@G2= 2D QE96 @?=J $@G:6E 286?E H9@ :?7:=EC2E65 D64C6E &]$] ?F4=62C 724:=:E:6D H9:49 AC@5F465 A=FE@?:F>[ 6?C:4965 FC2?:F> 2?5 A@=@?:F> 7@C 3F:=5:?8 2E@>:4 H62A@?D]Q u@C 9:D H@C<[ z@G2=[ H9@ H6?E 3J E96 4@56 ?2>6 Qs6=>2C[Q A@DE9F>@FD=J C646:G65 E96 E:E=6 @7 Qw6C@ @7 E96 #FDD:2? u656C2E:@?]Qk^Am

kA 4=2DDlQE?4>D\:?=:?6\=:?<Qmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^D:@FI4:EJ;@FC?2=]4@>^E?4>D^2DD6E^65:E@C:2=^h4e52dc6\d37b\dab`\37e2\253635hb4bgaQm!FE:? AC2:D6D #FDD:2? DAJ H9@ 42>6 7C@> $:@FI r:EJk^2mk^Am

kAmx? yF?6 `hce[ tC?6DE {2HC6?46VD 72E96C 82G6 2 DA6649 E@ E96 $:@FI u2==D r@D>@A@=:E2? r=F3] %96 DF3;64E H2D E96 2E@>:4 3@>3]k^Am

kAmQ(2JD >FDE 36 7@F?5 E@ 4@?EC@= E96 56DECF4E:G6 FD6 @7 E96 2E@>:4 3@>3[ d__ @7 H9:49 4@F=5 56DEC@J 2== p>6C:42? 4:E:6D @7 d_[___ A@AF=2E:@? 2?5 @G6C[Q r2C= vFDE2GFD {2HC6?46 D2:5] Q(6’G6 8@E E96 D64C6E 3FE H6 42?’E <66A :E] ~E96C ?2E:@?D 92G6 23=6 D4:6?E:DED H@C<:?8 @? E96 D2>6 E9:?8]Qk^Am

kAmpE =62DE A2CE @7 E96 :?7@C>2E:@? $@G:6E D4:6?E:DED H6C6 H@C<:?8 @77 @7 42>6 7C@> $:@FI r:EJVD v6@C86 z@G2=]k^Am

kAmk6>mp AC6G:@FD G6CD:@? @7 E9:D DE@CJ 5:5 ?@E 4=2C:7J E92E w2865@C? :D 2 7@C>6C (2== $EC66E y@FC?2= C6A@CE6C]k^6>mk^Am

kA 4=2DDlQE?4>D\:?=:?6\=:?<Qmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^D:@FI4:EJ;@FC?2=]4@>^E?4>D^2DD6E^65:E@C:2=^gb_hg242\526d\``65\3fda\275h66dc2`cbQm&?=:>:E65 2446DDk^2mk^Am